Ten years after Hurricane Katrina lashed New Orleans, a new study warns that future public health impacts of climate change in Gulf Coast states may be “especially severe.”
The region – Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama and Florida – is expected to experience increases in extreme temperatures, sea level rise, and possibly more intense hurricanes, according to the study from Columbia University’s National Center for Disaster Preparedness and the University of Washington.
Without additional public health preventive measures, more extreme weather events and warmer temperatures could lead to even more deaths and injuries, an increase of mosquito-borne diseases such as dengue fever and malaria, and long-term physical and mental health problems, the authors noted.
“It’s a timely study on the anniversary of Hurricane Katrina,” said co-author Dr. Kristie Ebi, professor of global health and of environmental and occupational health sciences at the UW. “It points out the vulnerability of the Gulf Coast and the potential for adverse health effects.”
The Gulf Coast is already vulnerable to damaging storms. Katrina slammed into the Coast on Aug. 29, 2005, claiming more than 1,800 lives, and causing more than $100 billion in damage.
“The next few decades are likely to bring more frequent and intense extreme weather and climate events,” said Dr. Ebi, who added that every region in the United States is vulnerable to climate change. “The current challenges associated with wildfires in the West are an example.”
Record-setting wildfires in Washington state this summer are fueled in part by hotter temperatures and longer dry spells, experts say.
For the study, published in the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, researchers led by Dr. Elisaveta Petkova of Columbia University reviewed previously published data on climate change. They noted that regional temperatures in the U.S. Southeast are projected to increase 4 to 8 degrees by the end of the century, while sea levels could rise 4 feet over the next 50 to 100 years, inundating 2,400 miles of major roads between Mobile and the Houston area.
“Climate change may amplify existing public health impacts, as well as introduce new health hazards to the Gulf Coast,” the authors wrote. “In most instances climate change amplifies the risk for existing health impacts such as heat-related morbidity and mortality, malnutrition resulting from droughts, and injury and deaths following exposure to floods.”
Already vulnerable communities could be disproportionately affected, they added. “Echoing an observation from the disaster research literature, the world’s poor and powerless are likely to suffer not just disproportionately from climate change, but fatally,” the study says.
Researchers also noted that climate change could prompt substantial migration to and from the area, creating “severe and lasting mental health effects on affected populations due to their place of attachment.” The Gulf Coast states are expected to reach a combined population of nearly 75 million by 2030, up from about 49 million in 2000.
The researchers stressed the importance of investments in new and existing programs to address public health threats. Among their proposed various adaptation measures are developing programs that would provide air conditioning to low-income households and improving infrastructure to withstand rises in sea levels.
The study identifies vulnerabilities and pulls together different dimensions “so people can be better prepared, better able to cope and can recover more quickly,” Dr. Ebi said.
“We need to look at things from a systems point of view,” she said of climate change adaptation strategies. “It’s not just higher temperatures and changing weather patterns, but things such as forestry management, infrastructure, health status and level of poverty. We need to look at it from a prevention angle.”